Indus Valley Civilization * *(English: Indus Valley Civilization)
One of the world’s ancient river valley civilizations was the dominant civilization
Being in the valley of the Indus River, the rise of this civilization is also known as the prehistoric Indian and Indus-Saraswati civilization due to the Harappan civilization, the prehistoric carpet in the name of the Indus civilization and its first flourished and developed center Harappa.
Discovery of civilization
The credit for the discovery of this unknown civilization goes to ‘Rayabhadur Dayaram Sahni’. He got the place excavated in 1921 under the direction of Director General ‘Sir John Marshall’ of the Purattva Survey Department. About a year later in 1922, the province of Sindh, Pakistan, led by ‘Sri Rakhal Das Banerjee’ Another location was discovered at the time of excavation of a Buddhist stupa located in Mohenjodado, K ‘Larkana’ district.
Extension of civilization
Till now the remnants of this civilization are Punjab of Pakistan and India, Sindh, Balochistan, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Western Uttar Pradesh, Parts of Jammu and Kashmir have been found. The spread of this civilization ranges from the ‘manda’ of ‘Jammu’ in the north to the ‘fusion’ at the mouth of the Narmada in the south, and from ‘Sutkagenador’ on the ‘Makran’ beach in the west to Meerut in western Uttar Pradesh in the east. Most of this civilization, Western Palayastha ‘Sutkagenador’, Eastern Palagatl ‘Almagir’, The northern Purashatra is ‘Manda’ and the southern Purashatra is ‘Daimabad’. This part, almost triangular, covers a total area of about 12,99,600 square kilometers. The expansion of the Sindhu civilization was 1600 kilometers from east to west and 1400 kilometers from north to south. Thus Indus civilization contemporary EgyptOr was spread over a much wider area than ‘Sumerian civilization’
main site
Harappa: Harappa was a well-organized urban civilization dating back to 6000–2600 BCE. Mohanzodo, Purratava was also excavated at Harappa in the series of Mehargarh and Lothal. Remnants of ancient civilizations like Egypt and Mesopotamia have been found here. It was discovered in 1920. It is currently located in the Punjab province of Pakistan. In 1857, the Lahore Multan Railroad was builtIn Harappa Nagar’s bricks were used, which caused a lot of damageMohanjodado: Mohan Jobato, meaning mound of Murdo, was a well-organized urban civilization dating back to 2600 BCE. Purattva was also excavated at Mohan Jobato in the same series of Harappa, Mehargarh, and Lothal. Remnants of the same ancient civilization have been found here as in Egypt and Mesopotamia
Chanhudda: To the south of Mohenjodado, a place called Chanhudadara used to manufacture seals and dolls as well as many objects from bones. The discovery of this city was first done in 1931 by ‘N.Gopal Majumdar ‘did and 1943 AD. Excavations were carried out here by ‘McKay’. Evidence of ‘Cyndhava culture’ is found from the lowest level
Local: It is located near the village called ‘Sargwala’ on the banks of ‘Bhogawa River’ in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat. Excavations 1954-55 AD. Led by ‘Ranganath Rao’
Road: Located on the banks of the Sutleuz River in the ‘Ropad district’ of Punjab Pradesh. It was first excavated after independence here. Its modern name was ‘Roop Nagar’. Its discovery in 1950 was ‘B.B.Lal did.
Kalibanga: This site is located on the left bank of the Gagghar River in the Ganganagar district of Rajasthan. Excavations in 1953 ‘B.B. Red ‘and’ B. K. Made by Thapad ‘. Remnants of Prak Harappa and Harappan culture have been found here
Surkotda: This site is located in the Kutch district of Gujarat. It was discovered by ‘Jagapati Joshi’ in 1964, from this site reflecting the remains of ‘the fall of the Indus civilization
Alamgirpur (Merath): This site located on the Hindan River, a tributary of the Yamuna in Meerut district of West Uttar Pradesh, was discovered in 1958 by ‘Yajna Dutt Sharma’
Rangpur (Gujarat): The site located near the Bhadra River in Kathiawar Priya: Island, Gujarat, was excavated in 1953-54 ‘A. Ranganath Rao by ‘. The remains of the former Hadappa carpet culture have been found here. Raw bricks fortifications, drains, pottery, bandits, stone pane, etc. are important. Paddy husk piles have been found here. Evidence of progressive Harappa culture is found here
Banawali (Haryana): Awash of two cultural states located in the Hisar district of Haryana has been found. Harappa East and Harappant excavation of this site 1973-74 E. I was led by ‘Ravindra Singh Visht’. Ali Murad (Sindh Province): Kuan from this city located in Sindh province, pottery, The remains of a huge fort built from Carnilian’s beaded and stone have been found. Additionally, the bull’s miniature Mrnmurti and Bronze ax have also been found from this site. Sutkagenador (South Balochistan): This site is located on the banks of the Dasht River in South Balochistan.
Some new areas related to the invading civilization
Kharvi (Ahmadabad) Kunutasi (Gujarat) Balakot (Baluchistan) Allahdinon (Arab Ocean) LordPura (Haryana) Desalpur (Gujarat) Rozadi (Gujarat)
City Construction Plan
The most special thing about this civilization was the developed city construction plan here. There was symmetry in the city construction of important sites of this civilization. The specific thing about the buildings of the cities was that they were as humble as nets
Municipal construction and building construction: – All major cities Jinme Harappa Mohan Jobato, Snort, Lothal, and Kalibanga were all inhabited on the banks of major city rivers. For security in these cities, the Parkota wall was built on four sides. Each city had wide and long rot, Several wide rot connected cities. Raw paved in Sindhu Valley civilization, Remnants of all types of small-large buildings have been found. The people of the Sindhu civilization were skilled in building construction. This is from the knowledgeable furnaces. The houses built by them had a complete system of comfort. Buildings are also constructed in a planned manner, Was. Lightning and windows were also built for lighting. The cookhouse, Bathroom, courtyard, and the building were on the floor. The wall was built from Rito. Buildings, Wellies were also made in homes. Lothal has found a Hodge made of rito
Spacious bathrooms: – Excavations at Mohan Jadeo found a huge bathhouse which is very grand. There was an excellent drainage system outside the bathhouse. The reservoir was periodically cleaned. High-quality material was used to construct the bathhouse, Was, For this reason, even after 5000 years have passed, its existence exists
Grain Store: – In the excavation of Harappa Nagar, the remains of the grain store containing 6-6 pages have been found on the highway of the fort here, The length of the grain store was 18 meters and the square was 7 meters. Its main gate opened towards the river, It seemed that food was collected here by bringing food from the waterway. At that time, this type of huge grain store was the main form of the state treasury
Water exit system: – Yaje Na of the water exit of the Sindhu Valley was of very high quality. There was a net of drains in the city, there was a paved Naliyo of Rito on the two sides of the road and streets. House drains meet the rotko or street drains Used to go. There was also a system of covering the drains with rito and stones. They were made of pits or tube wells at the place of cleaning them. In this block, the waste was covered and the drains did not flow against the side. Modos and confluence of drains But Rito was used
Roads: – In the Indus civilization, the network of roads divided the city into several parts. Roads ran from east to west and north to south, cutting each other at right angles. The width of the main routes lost in Mohenjodado is about 9.15 meters and the streets are close 3 The meter was wide. The rot was constructed from clay. Drains on the two sides of the rot were constructed by paved bricks and ‘Manus Mokhe’ was built a short distance away in these drains. The drainage of the tubes was not so perfect in any other contemporary civilization get.
social life –
A developed civilization like Harappa could flourish on a forced agricultural structure. The farmers of Harappa lived in the plains near the river near the city walls. These craftsmen, Used to produce extra food for traders and other city dwellers. Apart from agriculture, these people were also particularly adept in many other arts. Given the variation in the sizes of houses, some scholars believe that the Harappa society is vergoI was divided into.
Food:- Wheat as the food of Harappa culture, Rice, Mole, Used peas, etc. People were also non-vegetarians. Used to hunt various animals. Used to use pods too. Many such utensils have been found from Khairi, Which shows the variety of food and beverage ingredients in size and type. Used to grind mill
Clothing: – In the relationship of Vesh Bhusha of the residents of Sindhu Valley, it is said that Mahilay used the Ghaghara sari and Purush Dhoti and Turban. Weaved thread by hand and made garments
Jewelry and Beauty Resources: – Female, Men wore both ornaments. Necklace bracelets in the embryos, ring, Karnafula, Conflicts, Clavicle, Kade, Girdle, Pajeb, etc. are particularly notable. Curry-fought girdle and necklace have also been found. Jewelry gold, Chodi, Brass, Copper, ivory, Made of bones and paved soil. The rich used to hold jewelry of precious metals and jewels. Female men were both makeup lovers using metal and ivory comb and mirror. The hairstyle was of the best type to apply mascara to KharaiThere are many small characters of coloring the lips
Entertainment: – The people of the Sindhu civilization used to use various arts for the sake of entertainment, the animal race used to play chess, the idol of danceguna tells us the practice of dancing songs in the Harappa culture. Clay and stone dice have been found
Technology knowledge: – The building construction of the people of Sindhu civilization, huge grain storage drainage system, seeing the road system would have had a lot of technical knowledge, it is estimated, they knew how to make mixed metals, their tangles and jewelry were very beautiful.
Deceased deeds: – Even in this period, dead bodies were buried in the ground. Eating like Pale Stone Age with dead bodies, weapons, Home-characters, and other useful items were also kept together. Large stones were also placed above the tombs of the dead, The main purpose of keeping them was to honor the dead. The practice of burning Shavo was also practiced at some sites. When the dead body was burnt, its ashes were buried in the ground with honor by placing them in mud potsWas.
Medical Sciences: – Residents of Sindhu civilization were familiar with various drugs, And deer, Seags of Barasingha, Neem’s wives used Ave Shilajit as drugs, It is noteworthy that examples of skull surgery in the Sindhu civilization are also black, Banga and Lothal. Sea fen (Foam) is Also used as a medicine.
Economic life
Agriculture and animal husbandry: – Sindhu Pradesh was much more fertile in the east than today. One reason for Sindhu’s fertility was also the floods coming annually from the Sindhu River. The steep brick wall to protect the village indicates that the flood used to come every year. People here(In November, seeds were sown in the floodplains after the floods took off and in April before the next flood came, wheat and barley crops were cut. No shovel or fall has been found here, but Kalibangan’s ramparts(The thorn of civilization (Soleline) They have realized that plows used to be used in Rajasthan during this period
The people of Sindhu Valley Civilization Genhu, Barley, Rye, peas, Tides, etc. used to produce grains. They used to produce two types of wheat. Barley found in Banwali is of advanced variety. Apart from this, they also used to grow sesame and mustard. The first cotton was also produced here. In this name, the people of Greece are this Sinden (Sindon) Started saying Harappa Yonto was an agricultural culture but people here also used to do animal husbandry. Bullock, Buffalo, Goat, Sheep, and pigs were reared. The Harappan people had knowledge of elephants and rhinoceros
Business: – People here stone among themselves, Metal sugar (Bone) Used to trade, etc. Lots of seals in a large terrain (Mrinmudra) There is evidence of uniform script and standardized measurement weights. He was familiar with the wheel and possibly the aces of today (Chariot) As any vehicle used. This Afghanistan and Iran (Persia) Used to trade with. They established a commercial colony in northern Afghanistan, which facilitated them in trade. Many of the grab seals have been found in Mesopotamia, which seems to have had a trade connection with Mesopotamia as well. Evidence of trade with Meluha in Mesopotamia records there is also two intermediate trade centers mentioned – Dilmun and Makan. Dilmun may be identified in Bahrain in the Persian Gulf
Many businesses were prevalent in the cities here. These people were very skilled in making pottery. Different types of paintings were made from black on pottery. The textile manufacturing business was in the advanced stage. He was also exported abroad. Jeweler, Was also in an advanced stage. The work of making beaded and amulets were also popular, No iron object has been found yet. It is therefore proved that he did not have knowledge of iron.
development of art
Sculptures or Statues: – The people of the Harappa civilization used to make beautiful statues of metal. The most beautiful specimen of them is a dancer’s statue made of bronze. In Khilai, a semi statue of a bearded man made of cellakhi is obtained. From the point of that, there is an ornate double and a head on the forehead to the bottom of the right hand. The stone furry is an example of a miniature sculpture of Harappa, a statue of two men
Painting: – Many pots and paintings on Mohro make it known that the people of Sindhu Valley were highly proficient in painting. There is a roar of Sando and buffalo painting on Muharo in a very artistic way. Pictures of trees have also been made.
Mudra Kala: – Different types of stamps have been found in Harappa’s Khairai, these are of the square shape on which pictures of animals are made on one side and articles on the other. This is about 3600 pieces of tooth and clay
Metal art:- Metal art in the arts of Sindhu civilization contains special golden art. Galleria by the sonars here, Dhalai, The work of adding Nakkasi, etc. was done. The artworks of the Sindhu period are so unique and delightful that even today’s goldsmith can be proud of such workmanship
Characters Construction Art: – Several copper and ceramics have been found in Khudai which are very beautiful and high quality, it is found in square, rectangular, circular. They used to keep water and grain
Tamrapatra Construction Art: – Many characters have been found in Khudai, this square is in a rectangle with paintings
Clothing manufacturing art: – So far the health of the Khadai of the Sindhu civilization is obtained from which the residents here were also adept in the work of such katana
Dance and musical art:- There is also evidence that the Sindhwasi were familiar with dance and music. We have previously come to refer to a statue of a dancer made of bronze. Dance art was promoted in Sindhu Pradesh. this idol The ephemera of the heart is the same as seen in the sculptures of the historical era. There are some pictures found on the pots that resemble drums and tabla. It is estimated that the Sindhwasi also knew how to make instruments
Script or writing art: – Like the inhabitants of Mesopotamia, the Harappans also developed writing art. Although the first specimens of this script were obtained in 1853, scholars have not yet interpreted it. Some scholars have read it, Computer also used but they are also unsuccessful. Dravid of this script, The efforts to establish connections with the languages of Sanskrit or Sumer have also not yielded satisfactory results. Harappa’s script is considered a picture script. Every letter in this script has a sound as a picture, Is a symbol of thought or object. About 400 such pictograms have come into view. This script has not been read yet, so we have literature on Harappa culture, Can’t say more about ideas or governance. Reading and writing was probably limited to one class
Religious life
The people of Harappa believed in a divine power
Worship of Shiva: – McKay received a seal from the Mohanjodadas on which the deity inscribed was considered by the Marshal as Shiva’s Adi, even today Shiva is the most important of Shiva in our religion. Worship of Mother Goddess: – Mother by getting the most number of feminine idols from Sandhav culture(The worship of the goddess is revealed. People here worshiped Mother Goddess as the fertile power of the earth (The basis of the seal obtained from Harappa
Murthy worship:- Murthy worship has started from the time of Harappa culture. Some gender figures have been obtained from Harappa. Similarly, there are traces of smoke in some idols of the south based on which idol worship is estimated here. Answer after the Harappan period The beginning of idol worship in the Vedic era indicates that idol worship came into vogue from the Guptas when the construction of temples began for the first time
Jal Pooja:- Based on the bathhouse obtained from Mohanjodad.
Sun worship: – Based on the swastika symbols derived from Mohanjodadas. The symbol of the Swastika symbol is related to Sun worship
Nag Pooja: Based on the marking of serpents on seals.
Tree worship: – Many types of trees like papal, banana, neem, etc. are marked on seals. This shows their religious significance